{"id":3453,"date":"2011-06-24T21:45:25","date_gmt":"2011-06-25T02:45:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.parrinst.com\/?page_id=3453"},"modified":"2015-11-03T23:46:04","modified_gmt":"2015-11-03T22:46:04","slug":"temperature-limits","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.parrinst.com\/de\/products\/stirred-reactors\/options-accessories\/temperature-limits\/","title":{"rendered":"Temperature Limits"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>There are a number of factors that determine the maximum temperature rating of a pressure vessel.<\/strong> For most applications it is the gasket material. Vessels with O-ring seals are limited to 225 \u00b0C and those with FKM or FFKM are limited to\u00a0300 \u00b0C.\u00a0 Parr&#8217;s design for contained PTFE gaskets extends the operating temperature range to 350 \u00b0C. Flexible Graphite (FG) material essentially removes the gasket as the limiting factor. Maximum temperature limits for the metals used in these vessels are established by the ASME code and other standards. Most metals have maximum temperature limits between 400 and 800 \u00b0C. The allowable strength for these metals falls off rapidly as they reach maximum operating temperature. Finally, the difficulties encountered with screw threads and other closure components operating at high temperatures establish a practical temperature limit for externally heated vessels. We have found 600 \u00b0C to be a reasonable limit.<\/p>\n<h3>Internally Heated Vessels<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Exposed Heaters<\/strong><br \/>\nAnother approach that has proven useful in extending the maximum temperature limit is to place the heater\u00a0inside the pressure vessel. This heater is surrounded by a layer of insulation. This creates a hot zone in the center of the vessel and prevents the walls from exceeding their allowable limit. As this system is very energy efficient, internal heaters can be less powerful than external heaters. Internally heated vessels are equipped with insulated electrical feed-throughs to power the heater.\u00a0 Multiple thermocouples are used to control or monitor the temperatures in the hot zone and on the vessel inner wall.<\/p>\n<p>The reactions or studies carried out in internally heated vessels must be limited to those which will not destroy the exposed internal heaters and insulation. These are normally gas-solid reactions or controlled atmosphere heat treatment studies. The heating elements are normally ceramic. Some users have developed induction style heaters and insulators and have extended their investigations to above 2500 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>Although internal heaters can be installed in almost any non-stirred Parr pressure vessel, \u00a0vessels with larger I.D.s are required in most applications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Protected Heaters<\/strong><br \/>\nInternally heated vessels have also been manufactured\u00a0with cartridge type heating elements inserted in specially designed \u201cheater wells\u201d. These wells protect the heater from the reactants and expand the applications that can be studied. Cartridge type heaters have a maximum temperature of 760 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are a number of factors that determine the maximum temperature rating of a pressure vessel. For most applications it is the gasket material. Vessels with O-ring seals are limited to 225 \u00b0C and those with FKM or FFKM are limited to\u00a0300 \u00b0C.\u00a0 Parr&#8217;s design for contained PTFE gaskets extends the operating temperature range to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36873,"parent":128,"menu_order":33,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"product-wide.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-3453","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Temperature Limits - Parr Instrument GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.parrinst.com\/de\/products\/stirred-reactors\/options-accessories\/temperature-limits\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Temperature Limits - Parr Instrument GmbH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are a number of factors that determine the maximum temperature rating of a pressure vessel. 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